AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON MEDIATION IN CIVIL AND COMMERCIAL DISPUTES IN EUROPE: THE MEDIATION SERVICE PROVIDERS PERSPECTIVE

: This empirical study seeks to explore the application of mediation and online me- diation in civil and commercial disputes from the perspective of service providers in France, Italy, and Belgium. A qualitative approach was used in investigating the effectiveness of mediation, the challenges that mediators face, including online, and its future perspective through the lens of service providers. This study aims to be suitable for policymakers, ju- rists, researchers, and mediation service providers.


INTRODUCTION
Traditionally, disputants solve civil and commercial cases in front of courts. 1 Nevertheless, the complicated, time consuming and excessively costly procedures involved sometimes impede effective access to justice for citizens, particularly in claims with low and medium pecuniary thresholds. 2 The unsatisfactory administration of civil justice in some areas has pushed disputants to seek non-adversarial procedures, namely alternative dispute resolution (ADR). 3 While a variety of definitions of the term ADR has been suggested 4 , this paper defines it in its broadest sense to refer to any form of dispute resolution process other than litigation. 5 There are different types of ADR processes that are used to resolve a wide variety of disputes. 6 Many scholars, however, argue that 'mediation' is the most preferable -to other ADR methods as well as to litigation -dispute resolution method because of its flexible, non-binding, informal, and economic nature. 7 These traits have Revista Ítalo-Española de Derecho Procesal incentivised civil justice systems to promote the use of mediation within their dispute resolution procedures mainly to tackle the court backlogs. 8 In Europe, the EU Parliament and the EU Council adopted Directive 2008/52/EC (the EU Mediation Directive) aiming to promote the use of mediation in certain civil and commercial matters. 9 The EU Mediation Directive was the first joint effort in regulating mediation in the European Union. 10 Today, despite a decade of implementing this legislative instrument, there is still considerable imbalance in the use of mediation in the Member States' civil justice systems. 11 Imbalance can be especially observed in dealing with cross-border civil and commercial matters. It can be thence concluded that the EU Mediation Directive has not succeeded in delivering its major objective of promoting the use of amicable dispute resolution methods as an alternative to adversarial proceedings. 12 Therefore, this empirical study intends to explore the application of mediation and online mediation 15 in civil and commercial disputes from the perspective of service providers in the selected Member States: France, Italy, and Belgium. 16 A qualitative approach was used in investigating the effectiveness of mediation, the challenges that mediators face, including online, and its future perspective through the lens of service providers.
This study aims to be suitable for policymakers, jurists, researchers, and other mediation service providers.
The paper proceeds as follows: Section 1, the literature review, expands the discussion on the concept definition and the application of mediation and online mediation. Next, Section 2 provides a brief overview on the implementation of mediation in civil and commercial disputes in the EU, particularly in France, Italy, and Belgium. Section 3 describes the empirical research methodology -through open-ended surveys and semi-structured expert interviews -and presents the results and data analysis. Finally, Section 4 discusses the findings of the empirical study.

Mediation: Concept Definition and Application
There are slight differences of opinion among scholars about the definition of 'mediation'. However, there is general agreement that mediation refers to 'a process in which a neutral third party facilitates negotiation among disputants to reach an agreement over a disputed subject matter, without delivering a formal decision '. 17 In a similar, yet more elaborated definition, the Centre for Effective Dispute Resolution (CEDR) 18 defines mediation as: 'a flexible and confidential process in which a neutral third party assists the disputants to reach a consensual agreement through negotiations under the parties' full control over the process '. 19 Abdel Wahab, Ethan Katsh and Daniel Rainey (eds), Online Dispute Resolution: Theory and Practice: A Treatise on Technology and Dispute Resolution (Eleven International Publication 2012). 15 In this paper, the terms online mediation and e-mediation are used interchangeably. 16 These Member States were chosen based on the authors' academic and professional ties with the MSPs in these jurisdictions. 17 See Menkel-Meadow (n 3); Steffek and others (n 3); Jethro K. Lieberman and James F. Henry, 'Lessons from the Alternative Dispute Resolution Movement ' (1986) 53 The University of Chicago Law Review 424; Blake, Browne, and Sime (n 3). 18 CEDR is a prominent London-based dispute resolution body that specialises in ADR, and particular mediation. CEDR plays an imminent role in providing soft skills and solutions for the society to have an effective conflict management through constructive dialogues. See Centre for Effective Dispute Resolution, 'CEDR Asia Pacific Mediation Rules ' (2010): <http://www.cedr-asia-pacific.com/cedr/docslib/ CEDR%20Asia%20Pacific%20Mediation%20Rules.pdf> accessed 20 June 2022. 19 ibid.

Revista Ítalo-Española de Derecho Procesal
In the European context, various definitions of mediation by prominent scholars can be found. According to the definitions provided, particularly in the context of consumer-to-business (C2B) relationships, mediation is 'a process where a neutral third party (as the mediator) assists the consumer and the trader to reach an amicable settlement '. According to this definition, the mediator plays a significant role in facilitating the dialogues between disputants. In this respect, mediators help the parties to conduct an effective communication to identify common objectives and reach an amicable agreement. This type of mediation is known as 'facilitative mediation' in which the role of mediator is limited to facilitating communications. The decision-making is left to the parties involved in the process.
Another type of mediation is 'evaluative mediation' in which the mediator plays a more active role during the process by evaluating the subject matter of the dispute. 20 Most significantly, the mediator proposes settlement schemes to parties.
It is important to note that in neither the facilitative nor the evaluative form of mediation does the mediator have any authoritative decision-making power. In fact, the mediator's efforts are concentrated on directing parties towards reconciling their competing interests through finding a mutually satisfactory resolution. 21 This characteristic of the mediator is contrary to the function of a judge or an arbitrator during a dispute resolution process. 22 On the advantages of mediation, this process -compared to litigationgives parties a higher degree of satisfaction and motivates more voluntary compliance with the outcome of the settlement. Nevertheless, it should be noted that in certain circumstances -e.g., failure to reach an agreement, incompliance with the outcome, or lack of a balanced bargaining power between parties -a failed mediation can increase the costs of dispute resolution. 23 In a significant study, Esplugues and Marquis (2015) investigated the notion of mediation in civil and commercial disputes in various jurisdictions across the world. They found out that the notion of mediation as a legal institution should be observed in the context of each legal system and the developed doctrinal approaches as part of a civil justice system. 24 In the EU, the notion of mediation in civil and commercial disputes can be considered in the light of Article 3 of the EU Mediation Directive. This Article stipulates that mediation is 'a structured process in which two or more disputants vol-20 Evaluative mediation is more commonly used in consumer dispute resolutions. See Pablo Cortés untarily attempt to resolve a dispute and reach an agreement with the assistance of a mediator '. 25 This definition highlights two key factors in a mediation process: that it be voluntary and structured. Although, the voluntary nature of the process refers to the willingness of parties to attempt mediation, Article 3 does not illuminate the concept of a 'structured process '. This ambiguity may be perceived to be in contradiction with the characteristics of mediation, in particular flexibility and party control over the process. This viewpoint seems to be supported in the definitions of mediation of the CEDR 26 and of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) rules on mediation. 27 In neither of these instruments has mediation been referred to as a 'structured' process. In our viewpoint, it is necessary that the EU legislator clarify and redefine the concept and process of mediation to avoid any ambiguity.

Online Mediation
One of the major objectives of this empirical study is to investigate the status of using online mediation, the challenges to its application, and its future perspective in civil and commercial disputes in the EU. Thus, it is necessary to understand online mediation as part of the general Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) regime.
Starting in the early 1990s, with the evolution of ODR, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) began to play a significant role in the conduct of mediation for resolving civil and commercial matters. 28 Many scholars have emphasised the usefulness of online mediation and its capacity to provide opportunities for disputants to resolve conflicts in a more effective and convenient manner. 29 The scholars have significantly supported the view 25 ibid 11. 26 Centre for Effective Dispute Resolution (n 18).20 June 27 According to UNCITRAL rules on mediation: '… "mediation" means a process, whether referred to by the expression mediation, conciliation or an expression of similar import, whereby parties request a third person or persons ("the mediator") to assist them in their attempt to reach an amicable settlement of their dispute arising out of or relating to a contractual or other legal relationship. The mediator does not have the authority to impose upon the parties a solution to the dispute. '  that referring to e-mediation -as a form of online ADR -promotes access to justice for citizens and in particular for consumers. 30 It has also been argued that using online mediation not only reduces the cost and length of procedures, it also improves the parties' access to competent dispute resolution bodies. 31 In conducting e-mediation, the involved parties can use a variety of basic to complex ICT means. 32 These technological mediums include e-mails, audioconference, and videoconference at one end, and digital case management, digital platforms, and automated blind-bidding procedures at the other. 33 ICT plays a pivotal role in ameliorating the informality and flexibility of mediation. As a result, the parties can participate at their great convenience regardless of any physical distance.
From a global perspective, there are several models of successful online mediation service. One of the most prominent examples is the eBay ODR system. 34 E-Bay -in a collaboration with SquareTrade 35 -introduced a webbased dispute resolution system which allows consumers and traders to settle any sale-related dispute. To use this process, parties should primarily attempt to work out a negotiated agreement. They can use a specific tool that is designed for conducting online negotiation. 36 If direct negotiations fail, parties can escalate their dispute to the next level, namely online mediation. In this phase, disputants can request to be assisted by a SquareTrade mediator. The assigned mediator guides the parties through the web-based dispute resolution mechanism and assists them in reaching a fair and amicable settlement. SquareTrade pays due diligence to ensure parties are well-informed about the facilitative role of the mediator. In the e-Bay ODR system design, the mediator can propose a solution subject to the parties' request. The issued proposal, however, is non-binding upon the parties. 37 should be ' (2006) 38 U. Tol. L. Rev. 193; Janet Rifkin, 'Online dispute resolution: theory and practice of the fourth party ' (2001) 19 (1) Conflict Resolution Quarterly 117; Anne-Marie G. Hammond, 'How do you write "Yes"? A study on the effectiveness of online dispute resolution ' (2003)  In the European context, e-mediation is perceived as a flexible, convenient, and cost-effective process. It is also considered as a process with the potential to provide the most appropriate resolution to C2B disputes, particularly at the cross-border level. 38 From the legal standpoint, the EU Mediation Directive does not explicitly recognise online mediation as a form of resolving civil and commercial matters. This approach clearly indicates that the EU legislator leaves it completely up to the Member States whether to adopt e-mediation as a valid method of dispute resolution within their respective jurisdictions. 39 To facilitate and improve effective access to justice for consumers, the European Commission adopted EU Regulation No 524/2013 regarding online dispute resolution for consumer disputes. 40 This legislative instrument enables consumers and businesses to submit their disputes -which arise from e-commerce transactions -to the established EU ODR Platform. 41 This Platform includes a list of approved mediation service providers across the EU. Consumers and traders can submit their complaints in their preferred language and select a mediator from this list. 42 The launch of the EU ODR platform has raised consumers and traders' awareness of ADR methods. Nevertheless, this instrument has not made significant inroads in providing an effective access to justice for consumers. Some of its major bottlenecks include limiting the use of this instrument to disputes arising from online transactions; the lack of possibility to conduct the entire process on the Platform; insufficient technological user-friendliness, specifically for vulnerable users; as well as the lack of automatic case referral to the competent MSPs. 43 Nevertheless, in our viewpoint the main deficiency refers to the fact that the Platform is limited to functioning as a bridge that connects disputants to mediators.
Despite these criticisms, the EU ODR Platform has great potential to function as a well-established and stand-alone ODR system. However, improvements are crucial to further develop the Platform from a mere referral point to a trustworthy and efficient ODR system. This mechanism has indeed the 38 Arjan Kumar Sikri, 'Mediation: Means of Achieving Real Justice in Consumer Disputes' (2017)  Revista Ítalo-Española de Derecho Procesal potential to host the entire dispute resolution process between consumers and traders in a single forum.
There are some other examples of ODR service providers in the EU that are specifically focused on offering e-mediation for various types of disputes. 44 Within the framework of civil and commercial matters, Youstice and e-POM are the two prominent online mediation service providers.
The Slovakia-based Youstice was founded in 2014 with the aim of dealing with large volumes of small C2B claims which arise from online or offline purchases of goods and services. Youstice enables consumers and traders to experience a simple ODR process through a tiered negotiation-mediation dispute resolution model. 45 In a similar approach to e-Bay, parties begin the process with direct negotiation. If they fail to reach an agreement in the first phase, either party can request to advance the case to the next level, which is online mediation. The disputants can choose a mediator from the list of accredited MSPs provided by the Youstice platform. 46 Similarly, e-POM was established in the Netherlands in 2020 as a European Platform that offers e-mediation services to business parties. The eligible users are online platforms in relation with their business customers. The process begins by submitting a request for mediation to the e-Pom system. The applicant must provide the necessary details about the parties and the dispute and upload the relevant documents. In the next step, the requesting party must select a suitable mediator for the process. The competent professional mediators -from all EU jurisdictions -are listed on the e-POM platform. The chosen mediator invites the other business party to participate in the mediation process. Upon acceptance of this invitation, the process begins by the mediator holding individual and confidential videoconference sessions with each party. In the final phase, the mediator holds a joint online meeting to assist the parties to reach an amicable settlement. 47 The mediation agreement settlement that is issued by the e-POM accredited mediator and signed by both parties is legally binding. According to the e-POM website, this e-mediation service provider has achieved a 95 percent success rate in resolving disputes within a six-weeks '

MEDIATION IN EU: PERSPECTIVES FROM FRANCE, ITALY, AND BELGIUM
Over the last two decades, the EU legislator has taken major policy measures in promoting the use of non-litigious methods for the resolution of civil and commercial disputes on the continent. 49 The significance of promoting the use of ADR methods is reflected in Directive 2013/11/EU on alternative dispute resolution for consumer disputes. 50 The fundamental objective of this legislation is to facilitate access to justice for consumers by encouraging the use of amicable models of dispute resolution, including mediation. It also aims at safeguarding a balanced connection between ADR and litigation. This legal instrument explicitly indicates that the Member States must take appropriate measures to enshrine consumers' rights to have access to effective ADR methods including mediation. 51 At the Member State level, the national policymakers have taken relevant measures to encourage the application of mediation in civil and commercial disputes within their respective jurisdictions. These legal provisions aim for tackling the existing case backlogs and delays in delivering justice by courts on the one end and improving effective access to justice for citizens on the other. In the section that follows, we discuss the relevant regulatory measures taken by the national legislators in France, Italy, and Belgium to promote the application of mediation as part of their civil justice systems.

France
In France, the first fundamental efforts to regulate civil and commercial mediation refer to the enactment of the Law no. 95-125 in 1995. 52 Through the adoption of this legislation, the mediation rules were officially introduced into France's Code of Civil Procedure (CCP). In 2011, the EU Mediation Directive of 2008 was transposed into the national laws of the country. 53 This transposition led to major -and gradual -modifications in the national 49  In France, mediation is optional in most areas of law. Nevertheless, in the recent efforts to reform the civil justice system, as of January 2020 mediation is mandatory in certain types of disputes. 55 As the result, in small claims with a monetary threshold of 5,000 euros, and some neighbourhood disputes 56 , the parties are required to attempt mediation prior to going to court.
With respect to the definition of mediation under the French legal framework, Article 21 of Law no. 95-125 states that mediation is 'any structured process by which two or more parties attempt to reach an agreement for the amicable resolution of their disputes, with the assistance of a third party, the mediator, selected by them or appointed, with their agreement, by the judge hearing the dispute.' 57 Accordingly, mediation is considered as a 'structured' process. As we have already discussed in Section 1, from our standpoint considering mediation as a 'structured' process may be in contradiction with its main features including flexibility and party control over the process. Against this backdrop, as a possible response to this criticism one may argue that this definition merely encompasses judicial or court-annexed mediation. Therefore, it excludes the contractual form of mediation which is based on the parties' free will without any judicial intervention. 58 It is critical to note that under the French CCP, there are two forms of mediation: contractual and judicial. Contractual or conventional mediationwhich is stipulated within Articles 1530 to 1535 of the French CCP -refers to a fully voluntary process that parties conduct to settle their dispute without referring to a court. 59 In contrast, judicial mediation -as provided for in Article 131-1 to 131-15 of the French CCP 60 -is directly connected to the 54 Hatanaka Asako Wechs, 'Optimising Mediation for Intellectual Property Law -Perspectives from EU, French and UK Law ' (2018) 57 In France, there is no particular legislative framework to regulate the role and functions of mediators in civil and commercial disputes, nor any statutory system or regulatory body for accreditation of mediators in civil and commercial matters (except for family law cases and consumer disputes). Despite this, Law no. 2016-1547 of November 2016 on the modernisation of the French justice system stipulates that each court of appeal can publish a list of mediators in various civil and commercial matters for the information of the judges. 58  court-order which mandates that the parties attempt mediation. To enforce a mediation settlement in France 61 , both parties, or one with the consent of the other, can apply to the competent court for homologation of this agreement. 62 As regards the status of applying civil and commercial mediation in France, the recent regulatory developments demonstrate the French legislator's tendency towards promoting the use of this ADR mechanism. Nevertheless, some critics have questioned the lack of sufficient distinction between mediation and conciliation under the French CCP. In response to this criticism, scholars have taken two different standpoints. While the first approach considers mediation and conciliation as the same processes, the other perceives them as two distinct forms of ADR. In this sense, it is indispensable that the French legislator should draw a clear legal distinction between these two ADR models, most importantly to avoid any procedural uncertainties. 63

Italy
In Italy, Legislative Decree no. 28/2010 transposed the EU Mediation Directive into the national law of the country. 64 This was the first general regulation of civil and commercial mediation introduced to the country civil justice system. This legislation contemplated four different forms of mediation: voluntary mediation that can be envisioned and implemented at any stage of the dispute; judicial mediation where the judge -upon evaluation of the caseproposes that the parties attempt mediation; contractual mediation in which the parties are bound by virtue of a statutory clause; and finally, obligatory mediation. 65 The most significant characteristic of this new law was the establishment of mandatory non-judicial mediation for a wide array of civil and commercial matters. Accordingly, the first and final stages of the mediation process are mandatory as a pre-condition to begin with judicial proceedings. This mandate reveals the strong motivation of the legislator to provide an effective solution to the huge case backlogs in the national courts. 66 Mandatory mediation was declared unconstitutional, and the Italian Constitutional Court revoked it in 2012. However, in less than a year, with a major amendment to the Legislative Decree, mandatory mediation was reintroduced to the legal system. Since the 2013 amendment, the opt-out mandatory 61 This is regardless of judicial or conventional form of mediation. 62 Zheng (n 38) 304. 63 Nainodina (n 58) 146. 64 Gina Gioia, 'L'uniforme regolamentazione della risoluzione alternativa delle controversie con i consumatori ' (2018)  model of mediation 67 covers a wide array of civil and commercial disputes including property, insurance, banking, and division of assets. 68 In the most recent regulatory initiative to reform the civil justice system of Italy, the Parliament passed Law no. 206 in November 2021. 69 This Act extended the scope of mandatory mediation as a pre-litigation step to new categories of civil and commercial claims. 70 Under the Italian model of mandatory mediation, parties are obliged to participate in the 'initial' mediation meeting. During this introductory session, the mediator 71 provides the parties with general information about the process, the advantages, and the potential consequences. 72 Then, parties are free to decide either to continue with mediation or to refer to the court.
As regards the definition of mediation, Legislative Decree no. 28/2010 (as amended in 2013) has defined this term as 'the activity, whatever its name, carried out by an impartial third party aiming at assisting, two or more parties in the search of an agreement to settle a dispute, even with the formulation of a proposal to solve that same dispute'. This definition entails two forms of mediation: facilitative and evaluative. Facilitative mediation refers to a process in which the mediator assists the parties through validating their viewpoints 67 In the Italian model of mediation, the first meeting is only mandatory. Thus, some scholars have referred to this system as a 'quasi-mandatory mediation ' and interests to find and analyse solutions to a dispute. 73 In contrast, in evaluative mediation, the mediator helps the parties to find a solution to their dispute. Further, the mediator clarifies the weaknesses of the case and most significantly gives his/her opinion as to the likely outcome of litigation. 74 The evaluative model is generally used in court-connected mediation. While the facilitative form is principally focused on the voluntary nature of mediation and party control over the outcome, the evaluative mediation emphasises the legal rights of the parties. 75 The Italian legislator has principally aimed for facilitative mediation because the provided definition explicitly specifies that the mediator assists parties to find solutions and reach an agreement. 76 The enforcement of mediation settlement agreements is stipulated within Article 12 of the amended Legislative Decree of 2013. Accordingly, in cases where the disputants are assisted by lawyers and the settlement is signed by all the involved parties, such an agreement is enforceable without any necessity for homologation. In contrast, if the parties are self-represented in the mediation process, they can -together or one with the consent of the other -request the competent court to homologate the mediation agreement settlement. 77 At present, according to the official statistics, the Italian model of mandatory first mediation session in civil and commercial matters has achieved a high rate of success. 78 The most remarkable impact of this opt-out mediation model can be observed in reducing the huge case backlogs in the national courts. The legislator's approach towards adopting a mediation system design which is initially mandatory has provided disputants with an opportunity to get familiar with mediation. This provides the parties with a possibility to settle their dispute in an amicable manner. This system can be a prominent example to be considered by other civil justice systems in the EU.

Belgium
In Belgium, civil and commercial mediation was regulated by the Belgian Judicial Code (BJC). 80 This Act is applicable to all types of disputes -including civil and commercial cases -on a completely voluntary basis. Integrating mediation rules into the BJC is a clear indicator of the intention by the Belgian legislator to improve the use of ADR as part of the civil justice system of the country. 81 In 2018, the legislator exerted a stronger will by encouraging judges to promote the use of amicable dispute resolution methods within civil proceedings. This amendment also emphasised the role and responsibilities of lawyers and judicial officers for raising parties' awareness of mediation as an alternative to litigation.
With respect to the definition of mediation, prior to the reform of the law in 2018 this term was not defined by the Belgian legislator. Currently, Article 1723/1 of the BJC refers to mediation as 'a confidential and structured process of voluntary consultation between conflicting parties that takes place with the assistance of an independent, neutral, and impartial third party that facilitates communication and attempts to lead the parties to develop a solution on their own'. This definition embodies several distinctive characteristics of mediation including its confidential, voluntary, and facilitative nature. This legislative reform also distinguished between out-of-court (or voluntary) and judicial mediation. 82 Article 1730 of the BJC states that voluntary mediation is an out-of-court process freely chosen by disputants. This form of mediation is implemented without any signal or intervention from the judge either prior, during, or after judicial proceedings. 83 Conversely, Article 1734/1 of the BJC refers to the judicial mediation in which the judge at the joint request of the parties or on his/her own initiative -but with the disputants' agreementorders mediation in a pending judicial proceeding. 84 The enforcement rules of mediation settlements are provided by Article 1733 of the BJC. Accordingly, where the mediation was conducted by an accredited mediator, the written and signed settlement agreement can be presented to the competent judge for homologation. 85 84 Deben (n 82). 85 In Belgium, the accreditation and registration of mediators is carried out by the Belgian Federal Mediation Commission. The list of accredited mediators can be found at 'Commission fédérale de médiation' <https://www.cfm-fbc.be/fr/trouver-un-mediateur> accessed 12 June 2022. was conducted by a non-accredited mediator, the settlement agreement can be only enforced by a notary. 86 Despite the regulatory measures implemented to improve the use of mediation in Belgium, it remains difficult to draw a conclusion on the effectiveness of these initiatives. 87 This is mainly due to the lack of sufficient access to the official statistics on the use of mediation in this Member State. The still high volume of disputes in national courts, however, reveals that these measures have not achieved considerable success in promoting the use of mediation in resolving civil and commercial disputes. 88

Conclusions on Jurisdictions
In a nutshell, this section reviewed that EU regulatory initiatives have played an important role in encouraging the Member States to promote the use of mediation, particularly in civil and commercial matters. With respect to e-mediation, it has been explained that the EU legislator established the first EU ODR Platform aiming at encouraging the use of online ADR in cross-border C2B disputes. The Platform can be considered a remarkable initiative for reinforcing the application of mediation across the Union. Nevertheless, further improvements are needed to turn this instrument from a mere referral point into a stand-alone ODR system. This improvement will enable disputants to conduct the entire process on a single platform.
It was also presented that mediation -either in a contractual or court-connected form -has been practiced for many years in France, Italy, and Belgium. It was concluded that the Italian model of an opt-out mandatory first mediation session has succeeded in reducing the case backlog in national courts. In Belgium, given the recent reforms in the law, the national legislator has declared the evident intention to improve the use of mediation in civil and commercial matters. However, the present workload of the courts reveals that embracing the mediation culture should be pursued as a long-term objective in this Member State. It was also discussed that the existing legal framework for mediation in France should be subject to further improvements. It was especially argued that to avoid any procedural uncertainties, the national legislator should clearly distinguish between mediation and conciliation in relevant legislative instruments. This distinction must be specifically drawn by considering the fundamental differences between mediation and conciliation, including the role of the neutral third party. In this respect, whereas the mediator only facilitates the course of negotiation between the disputants to 86 Zheng (n 38) 305. 87 The last official data regarding the number of mediations in Belgium can be found in Verougstraete (n 84). 88 Taelman and Voet (n 81) 92-3; Alex Tallon, 'De rechtstoegang en de bemiddeling' in Edgard Boydens and Roger De Baerdemaeker (eds) Justitie: Vraagstukken en perspectieven voor morgen (Antemis Limal 2013).
Revista Ítalo-Española de Derecho Procesal reach an agreement, the conciliator is allowed to provide parties with advice on the substance of the subject matter by issuing formal recommendations. Another important distinguishing criterion refers to the interest-based nature of mediation -since the main objective is to meet the real interests of the parties -against the right-based nature of conciliation -in which the major focus is placed on the legal rights of the disputants. 89 Finally, online mediation is also practiced in France, Italy, and Belgium. However, very few studies have investigated the application and effectiveness of e-mediation from the perspective of MSPs in these jurisdictions. On this account, one of the major objectives of this empirical study was to investigate the status of practicing online mediation and its efficiency in these Member States.

EMPIRICAL RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The empirical part of the present study attempts to gain a profound understanding of the status and implementation of mediation in civil and commercial disputes in France, Italy, and Belgium. This paper also aims at identifying the key themes (effectiveness, application of online mediation, the challenges, and the future perspective) in carrying out civil and commercial mediation from the perspective of MSPs. In this respect, we adopted a qualitative research methodology using open-ended surveys 90 and semi-structured expert interviews. This research method was adopted to enrich the acquired data, provide a more in-depth analysis, and better interpret the results of the surveys through the findings of the qualitative phase. 91 This approach was already used by Filler (2012) in comprehensive empirical research to investigate applied mediation in commercial disputes in Europe. 92 The empirical research method was implemented in two consecutive phases. In the first phase, the open-ended surveys were used in particular to help us understand the findings of the theoretical section. This step provided a real perspective on the practice of mediation by MSPs from a general perspective and helped us to better design the interview questions. 93 In the second phase, we carried out the semi-structured expert interviews to pro- vide more in-depth insights about mediation in the studied jurisdictions. This stage enabled us to investigate the implicit dimensions of expert knowledge and utilise them in generating theories based on the collected data. 94 The main driving factor for selecting these Member States refers to the authors' well-established academic and professional network in these countries. This choice particularly assisted us to connect to the most renowned MSPs more effectively in each jurisdiction at the time of the pandemic.

Research Design and Data Collection
In the initial phase of this empirical research, we used open-ended surveys to explore the status and implementation of mediation by MSPs in civil and commercial disputes in general. 95 The questionnaires requested textual and numerical information from the respondents. 96 The advantage of using open-ended questions was to provide the participants with opportunities to provide a wide range of responses and to express their opinions freely. Further, some of the given answers included unexpected data that assisted us in designing more elaborated questions for the semi-structured expert interviews in the second phase of the empirical research. 97 A series of open-ended questions were designed in two sections (see Appendix A). The initial part aimed at obtaining numerical data, e.g., the number of submitted and concluded cases, as well as the duration of mediation. The second section, however, was particularly focused on mediation process-related elements. These factors included instruction and providing guidance to parties; barriers against conducting effective mediation; online mediation and the ICT tools used in carrying out the process; and finally, evaluating user-friendliness of the provided services to their clients.
The survey was originally designed in English and was translated into French and Italian. Conducting a multilingual survey allowed us to make the questions more easily comprehensible in the native language of the participants. The targeted MSPs were identified through several sources. For example, from our academic and professional network of mediators, from the list of approved ADR bodies on the EU ODR Platform 99 and using the Google search engine. 100 The questionnaires were distributed via e-mail among the invited MSPs in France, Italy, and Belgium within a three-months timeframe. 101 The invitees have expertise in civil and commercial mediation. In the invitation e-mail, the research project, and the purpose of conducting the survey was briefly and clearly explained to the invitees. Further, all the participants were ensured that we take all the adequate and necessary measures to protect the privacy and anonymity of the data subjects at all stages of this research. 102  As shown in Figure 1, the total number of 141 MSPs were invited to take part in the survey. The Table illustrates that surprisingly only 12.7 percent of who were sent invitations filled in and returned the questionnaire. The returned surveys yielded a 13.5% response rate for France, 10.8% for Italy, and 13.3% for Belgium. Despite two reminders to the invitees to participate in the survey, the overall response to the questionnaire was poor compared to the total number of distributed invitations. In this sense, approximately half of the contacted MSPs never responded to the email invitations. Some other invited entities indicated that they are unwilling to participate in the survey due to busy work schedules; lack of sufficient experience with the content of the survey; and confidentiality of their data.

Member
Above all, it is critical to indicate that the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and its unprecedented challenges to face-to-face interactions have also played a significant role in the low response rate to the survey. During the pandemic, MSPs were forced to abruptly shift to an entirely online mediation 99 See 'Online Dispute Resolution | European Commission' <https://ec.europa.eu/consumers/odr/ main/?event=main.adr.show2> accessed 20 June 2022. 100 In using Google search engine, the eligible MSPs for the purpose of this research were identified matching the following parameters: i) the respective jurisdiction of the MSPs was either in France, Italy, or Belgium; ii) they had expertise in conducting civil and commercial mediation; iii) they had more than five years of experience in conducting civil and commercial mediation. 101  service. This sudden change deeply immersed these entities in getting used to the 'new normal' procedures specifically in relation to technicalities.
Once the surveys collection was completed, the acquired data were accordingly analysed. The result was then visualised in graphical figures to provide a more developed and precise understanding of the research for readers.

Results and Analysis
The first set of questions on the survey aimed at gathering statistical and descriptive data. Accordingly, the survey inquired about the number of filed mediation applications, the total number of concluded cases, and the length of mediation process. This part enabled us to find the success rate of mediation in civil and commercial disputes. Further, the descriptive data assisted us to ensure reliability of the provided data by the MSPs according to the degree of their engagement and expertise with civil and commercial mediation.
Statistical data -The responses to the question on the yearly average number of filed mediations and the number of settled cases reported that in Belgium and Italy there is approximately a 85% success rate for parties to reach a settlement. In France, the surveyed MSPs reported that 75% of the initiated mediations reach the final stage where a settlement agreement is issued. Overall, these figures indicate that mediation has been successful in providing parties with an opportunity to reach a solution. Significantly, several surveyed MSPs indicated that the success rate of voluntary mediation is much higher in comparison with court-ordered mediation. 103 Next, the participants were asked whether the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has had any impact on the number and types of referred cases for mediation. Only a small percentage (approximately 16%) of the responses reported their mediation services have not been affected by the pandemic. In contrast, most participants (nearly 84%) agreed that the pandemic has had a great impact on MSPs. They referred to the exponential growth in the number of cases as well as the dramatic increase in the use of online mediation.
The overall responses of the participants demonstrated that the pandemic has substantially increased the number of requests for civil mediation particularly for divorce and child custody. Nevertheless, the majority of referred cases to mediation were consumer complaints arising from bookings of holiday packages. Some of the participants explicitly referred to the constantly changing COVID-19 measures by the authorities that have caused many cancelled holidays bookings. As the result, consumers invoke the argument of force majeure to request dissolution of a contract or to postpone its enforce-Revista Ítalo-Española de Derecho Procesal ment. On the other hand, businesses were reluctant to refund their clients due to the binding nature of relevant contracts. Therefore, many of these C2B disputes were referred to mediation during the pandemic.
Processing time -The MSPs reported various timeframes for the mediation process. As shown in Figure 2, Belgium has the shortest processing time with maximum two months per case. This should be noted that the collected data revealed that there is a correlation between the size of an MSP and the proceeding time. Large MSPs have access to more employees and human resources, thence the mediation process is more expedited compared to smallsized MSPs. The responses also indicated that large MSPs are mostly in close collaboration with consumer protection centres which play a remarkable role in two aspects: encouraging consumers to attempt mediation; and referring consumers to accredited MSPs. The second set of questions concentrated particularly on the mediation process with respect to understanding the elements that play a pivotal role in the effectiveness of this process. It should be noted that this part is mainly focused on the essence of the mediation process regardless of any specific jurisdiction.
Instruction and guidance -The MSPs were asked a twofold question. Firstly, the participants were questioned whether they give parties instructions on how the mediation process works. The responses revealed that approximately 90% of the participants provide instructions for their clients prior to the session. This information relates to the procedure, the code of ethics, and legal consequences of agreement and/or disagreement. The MSPs who offered online mediation reported that they also give the parties detailed instructions on how to use the specific ICT tools -e.g., a videoconference software -prior to the mediation session. The second question targeted the MSPs' preferred means of communication in connecting to their clients. The responses revealed that to communicate information, the MSPs use 'faceto-face information sessions; telephone calls; e-mail; the MSP's website; video-tutorials; and mail.

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Barriers impeding effective mediation process -When the participants were asked about the major obstacles faced in conducting mediation, they reported several hurdles that prevent parties to reach an amicable settlement. As illustrated in Figure 3, most respondents referred to parties' lack of awareness about the advantages of mediation and how it works; the lawyers' low degree of collaboration; the parties' negative attitude towards mediation; and the inadequate training for mediators.

Lack of awareness 67%
Non-collaborative lawyers 14% Parties negative attitude/emotions 14% Insufficient training for mediator 5% As the pie chart above shows, the parties' lack of knowledge of the mediation process and its advantages is the primary obstacle to the efficiency of mediation. As reported by one MSP, the parties must be properly informed of the benefits of mediation as a simple, cost-effective, and expedited dispute resolution method compared to litigation. This is necessary to raise awareness of mediation in C2B disputes because most consumer complaints involve low-pecuniary threshold claims. Another respondent commented that sufficient knowledge of mediation can overcome parties' mistrust in this process and reduce fear of the subsequent legal consequences. It was also indicated that it is necessary to inform parties that mediation is not a 'just-talking' process. In fact, mediation facilitates reaching an amicable settlement.
As regards the role of lawyers, several responses reported that non-trained lawyers play a destructive role in the mediation process. The overall responses explicitly pointed out that non-collaborative and non-trained lawyers consider mediation as an unnecessary and time-wasting step to seek the rights of their clients. According to the surveyed MSPs, lawyers perceive mediation as a threat to their profession.
Online Mediation -This part of the survey investigated the application of online mediation by the MSPs. A minority of the participants (approximately 22%) reported that they never used e-mediation within their practice. They reported that conducting online mediation requires access to sufficient and complicated infrastructures which only prolongs the processing time. In addition, they commented online communications lack body language and non-verbal cues, particularly facial expressions and gestures. Therefore, e-mediation is not as effective as face-to-face mediation. 104 It should be, however, considered that the overall responses to this question was positive. Almost 78% of the participants reported they use online mediation within their practice. One participant reflected that e-mediation provides parties with an opportunity to mediate at their convenience and comfort. As a result, in online mediation individuals have more confidence compared to its in-person format. Another surveyed MSP maintained that considering the pandemic and the subsequent mobility restrictions, e-mediation is currently viewed as a necessity. The extensive use of this ODR method proved to be a more convenient instrument in comparison to face-to-face mediation.
The respondents were also asked to explicitly clarify what specific ICT tools they use for conducting mediation (See Figure 4. Figure 4. ICT tools used for conducting online mediation User-friendliness of mediation services -It is critical to note that the concept of 'user-friendliness' in this research is used in a non-tech context 105 , and only relates to the services offered by MSPs.
This final question had a twofold purpose. Firstly, it investigated how MSPs ensure their mediation services are user-friendly towards their clients. As illustrated in Figure 5, the overall responses to this question enabled us to identify various indicators used by the MSPs in measuring user-friendliness of their services.
Secondly, the surveyed MSPs were asked whether they conduct any satisfaction survey to collect feedback on user-experience with the quality of 104 See Joel B. Eisen, 'Are We Ready for Mediation in Cyberspace? ' [1998] Brigham Young University Law Review 1305. 105 According to Borgman (1986), the concept of 'user-friendliness' is not limited to its application to a human-machine interface. She believes that by using 'user-friendliness' as a characteristic of an item in a non-tech context, we refer to an entity which creates comfort for the one who uses that item. See Christine L. Borgman, 'Toward a definition of user friendliness: A psychological perspective ' (1986) UCLA Journal 29. mediation services. Gathering feedback from clients is a main factor in measuring the effectiveness of the offered services by MSPs. Surprisingly, almost 44% of the participants reported that they do not collect any user feedback. Nevertheless, some of the responses showed that they occasionally receive e-mails from the parties who express their satisfaction with the mediation service. -Accessible (e.g., free of charge) and readable services (e.g., easy-tofind information on the MSP's website)

Figure 5. Elements MSPs consider in measuring a user-friendly mediation service for clients
Over half of the surveyed MSPs reported that they officially conduct client satisfaction surveys after the closure of mediation process. Feedback is collected regardless of whether the parties reached an agreement. The participants responded that they use different means of communication to collect this data. The feedback collection methods include distributing paper and/or electronic survey forms; e-mail and telephone queries; as well as collecting data from client reviews input on Google.
Feedback has revealed that users were specifically satisfied with highly skilled mediators in drafting settlements based on the mediator's legal and technical expertise. In addition, great listening skills in mediators were appreciated by the users. Feedback has also revealed that many users were satisfied with the flexibility and convenience of the mediation process compared to civil proceedings. These elements assisted parties in resolving many long-lasting disputes in an expedited, cost-effective, and amicable manner.

Research Design and Data Collection
The main objective of conducting the semi-structured expert interviews was to gain profound understanding of the implementation of civil and commercial mediation, including online, its effectiveness, the challenges faced, and its future perspective. This method -as a qualitative data collection strategy -addresses the 'how' research questions leading to a better understanding of experiences of a social phenomenon. 106 The expert interviews provide researchers with an opportunity to have a flexible engagement with interviewees in exploring their points of view on a research subject matter. 107 Expert knowledge is a significant resource for filling the theoretical gaps in the topic. It also helps to develop theories based on the professional experience of the interviewees. 108 In terms of sample selection, nine potential study subjects in total -three experts per jurisdiction -were chosen from France, Italy, and Belgium. 109 All the invited experts agreed to take part in the interview. The major criterion for selecting the interviewees was based on their high degree of knowledge, expertise, and wide experience with civil and commercial mediation (either as an individual or institutional MSP 110 ). Figure 6 gives an overview of participants comprising of their gender, educational background, years of experience, and country of practice.  The individual interviews were held remotely through various means -at the interviewee convenience -including videoconferencing via Zoom, Google Meet, Microsoft Teams, as well as over the telephone. The length of the interviews ranged between 45 and 90 minutes. The interviews were conducted in English and French within August and September 2021. In carrying out the semi-structured expert interviews, we followed the three-step empirical phenomenological method developed by Eckartsberg (1986). According to this approach: 1) Firstly, the knowledge gaps regarding the subject matter were identified, thence the questions were accordingly designed to fill the existing gaps.
2) Secondly, the data were collected through expert interviews.
3) Lastly, the obtained data were thoroughly explicated to extract the significant statements of the participants about their experience with the subject matter. The extracted relevant statements with the research themes were then converted into textual descriptions. 111 The interview questions were designed according to two key elements (See Appendix B): 1) to fill the knowledge gaps we identified with the most impact on the implementation of civil and commercial mediation; 2) to enhance the understanding of the subject matters within the scope of the main research question of this study.
Accordingly, the findings of the expert interviews were categorised into four main themes:

Application of online mediation 4. Challenges and future perspective
Revista Ítalo-Española de Derecho Procesal Upon completion, the recorded interviews were transcribed. All the transcriptions were thoroughly checked to ensure the transcript validly represents what has been stated in the recordings. 113 The main relevant -with each of the four themes -statements of the participants were compared, and the thematic similarities and differences in each jurisdiction were considered. To ensure the validity, completeness, and relevance of the data extracted from the thematic comparison -where appropriate -the data was thoroughly checked (individually and jointly) by the researchers. 114 The discussion on the findings of the interviews and the four main themes of this qualitative study will be presented in Section 4.

Results and Analysis
In this part, we present the obtained results from the expert interviews -as categorised by jurisdiction -against the backdrop of the four major themes.

Theme 1: Perspectives on mandatory mediation
France -The experts' perspectives on mandatory mediation was one of the main themes that we extracted from the interviews. As regards to the question of whether mediation should be mandatory, the three interviewees in France unanimously agreed that mediation should always remain optional. As noted by Interviewee F.1: 'mediation should always remain as a choice for the parties, and it should not be imposed upon them in any circumstance. ' Commenting on the voluntary basis of mediation, Participant F.2 added: 'if mediation becomes mandatory, the parties will go to mediation sessions with a totally different intention. They try mediation only because they are obliged to do so, and once they get the certificate, they will move to the court'. Another Participant also added: 'mediation should always be an option in any case, as imposing it on the parties will lead to an artificial process. Human nature does not want to abide with an obligation. It is also to note that to widen the use of mediation requires changing the mindset of people about this process'. Mediation is not a suitable solution for every case'. Italy -In contrast to the participants in France, the interviewed mediators in Italy expressed unanimous support for mandatory mediation in civil and commercial matters. We noted that the model of mandatory mediation in Italy has greatly raised citizen awareness of mediation and its advantages. In this regard, Interviewee I.1 explained how mandatory mediation can be extremely effective by adding: '...the statistics on high number of cases [that were solved through mediation] in Italy prove that mandatory mediation has been effective'.
We also noted that mandatory mediation has helped mediation culture to grow in the country. Another MSP added: 'based on my experience I believe that mandatory mediation helps to grow mediation culture…the acceptance of mediation in Italy [especially in the beginning where the mediation was not obligatory 115 ] was very challenging, because the mediation culture was not pre-sent…mandatory mediation also helps growing voluntary mediation since it provides an opportunity for people to get familiar with this instrument'.
Interviewee I.3 in a similar argument agreed with the effectiveness of mandatory mediation. It was, however, emphasised that it is important to correctly understand the notion of mandatory and voluntary mediation: 'there is a misconception and misunderstanding about the words mandatory and voluntary in the context of mediation…a full mandatory mediation model cannot be imposed on the parties as well, as it can lead to denial of justice…therefor, I strongly believe that the mediation model of first mandatory meeting works well, as it pushes the parties to attend the first session then decide to continue with full mediation, or terminate it for turning to court'.
Belgium -Our findings from the interviews in Belgium indicated that the experts principally support a non-mandatory mediation model. This approach is like that of the Interviewees from France. In this respect, one participant commented: 'mediation means to provide two parties to be able to talk, and if it is mandatory the parties will not be willing to put efforts towards reaching a solution. I am not sure the results achieved through a mandatory mediation will be always good. As the parties need to be motivated for mediation '. In a similar argument, Interviewee B.2 stated that mandatory mediation increases the failure rate of mediation: '…my personal experience shows that when a judge forces the parties to go to mediation, I have to first convince the parties that it is a good opportunity for them, but the parties do not do mediation wilfully…they prefer to go to court...so, the rate of failure of mediation increases '. This MSP then suggested that the most appropriate method to mandate mediation is through adding a mediation clause to the contract. Another interviewee urged that mandatory mediation can be only effective in certain types of disputes such as successions.

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Theme 2: Efficiency of mediation and the causes of its failure France -The second theme in this part of the study referred to the effectiveness of mediation in providing a satisfactory solution to civil and commercial disputes. The interviewed mediators in France considered mediation to be an effective instrument to handle disputes in an amicable manner. As Participant F.1 emphasised: 'mediation is effective in most cases, especially where the interpretation of law is not helpful in resolving a dispute. Some problems are not only legal issues, therefore in these cases mediation as a global solution can be a great help to effectively resolve the problem.' Another interviewee emphasised the cost-effective, expedited, and confidential nature of mediation: 'it enables the parties to settle the dispute in a short period of time [compared to the lengthy proceedings in tribunals]. Mediation is also cheaper than the judicial proceedings, it is also a confidential process. ' Participant F.3 also highlighted the effectiveness of mediation and emphasised the importance of the parties' satisfaction in measuring this efficiency.
The interviewees were also asked about the major factors that cause a mediation to fail. The provided responses referred to various factors: lack of good faith from either party; lack of mutual understanding and listening; incompetency of mediator; and complicated nature of the case. Nevertheless, the most surprising cause of failure mentioned by the interviewees in France was the lack of collaboration from lawyers. 116 Italy -The interviewed mediators in Italy unanimously agreed that mediation is generally an effective method of dispute resolution in civil and commercial matters. They stated that mediation enables parties to settle their dispute in a more timely and cost-effective manner compared to ordinary civil proceedings. As commented by Participant I.1: '…despite the existing disadvantages of mediation, mediation has resolved cases in a cost-effective and timely way…the benefits are much higher than the costs…from the judicial point of view mediation reduces the number of cases in courts and judges spend less time on high number of cases. ' Another participant mentioned that mediation is generally effective specifically in enabling parties to have control over the process: '…but it is not suitable for every type of dispute…cases where future relationship between parties is important, they are the most suitable disputes for mediation '. Participant I.3

similarly argued: 'mediation is effective, but it is not a one-size solution for all types of dispute'.
With respect to reasons behind a failed mediation, the interviewees referred to several factors: lack of good faith in parties; complexity of the case; and incompatible nature of the case with mediation. Nevertheless, the participants mentioned incompetent mediators and non-collaborative lawyers as the two main elements to cause the failure of mediation. As one interviewee noted: 'the lack of training of lawyers in Italy, as they have not been sufficiently trained on the use of mediation...the next reason is the insufficient specialised training of mediators. ' In a similar argument, another MSP emphasised the significance of training for lawyers and mediators: 'untrained lawyers and mediators can also cause failure of mediation…it is very important for these professionals not to lose the interests of the parties in mediation…so training is a very important element'.
Belgium -The entirety of the interviewed experts in Belgium agreed that mediation is efficient in the resolution of civil and commercial disputes. Participant B.1 indicated : 'in Belgium [since 1991] we see the efficiency of mediation, every day. In telecom sector, about 9 out of 10 cases reach a solution for a dispute between consumers and telecom operators. ' Another participant referred to the solution-oriented nature of mediation and the significant role of lawyers in the process: 'people seek to find solutions for the dispute in a mediation compared to trials…lawyers are also able to perform their tasks towards their clients without any need for autocracy in front of a judge…there is much more teamwork in mediation between the lawyer and client; as they talk more, they listen more…this does not usually happen in the courts '. In a similar argument, Participant B.3 interestingly commented: 'in some disputes, people are not seeking for the law, but they look for justice…the judicial order cannot offer the best solution every time…for example, in neighbour and companies disputes in which the parties need to preserve a good relationship for a long time...the judge is only concerned by the task and not focused on the long-term relationship to be preserved for the future'.
Regarding the main causes of failure of mediation, the interviewees referred to inappropriate interventions by lawyers, as well as the incompatible nature of certain disputes with mediation. Most significantly, one MSP added: 'the foremost reason refers to the parties' openness towards mediation. If parties are very closed in their position, it will be difficult to have a successful mediation.'

Theme 3: Application of online mediation
France -The participants reported that they have used online mediation as part of their services since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic due to the imposed mobility restrictions. One MSP indicated: 'since 2020, we have launched an online platform [Justicity 117 ] that enables mediators [through subscription] to use the platform for holding their Online mediation sessions '. We noted that France has not adopted any specific legislation on online mediation. As a result, the existing rules on tradition mediation are also applicable to e-mediation. Nevertheless, the legislator only requires obtaining ISO certification for the ODR service providers.

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As a main part of this theme, we focused on exploring the advantages and disadvantages of using online mediation through the lens of MSPs. With respect to the advantages, as noted by one interviewee: '…physical distance between the parties is an issue that escalates the mediation costs, and most importantly it can be a probable excuse for the party who is not willing to try mediation…with online mediation the costs and excuses are diminished. ' The participants also reported that the ICT means that are used to carry out mediation facilitate data storage. These tools also increase the data accessibility for parties and their lawyers with the possibility to use this data in future court proceedings.
In relation to the disadvantages of e-mediation, the MSPs referred to the high costs of advanced ICT infrastructures, as well as the need for procuring a secure and well-established Internet connection.
Italy -The interviewed mediators in Italy reported a widespread practice of online mediation in this jurisdiction. According to Participant I.1: 'although before the pandemic I was holding almost 50% of my mediation meetings online, by the outbreak of COVID-19 and the imposed restrictions, approximately 80-90% of all my mediations took place online'. Similarly, another MSP referred to the impact of the pandemic on his experience with e-mediation: 'since February 2020…I have conducted 35 online mediations…at practical level, although I do not feel very comfortable in conducting mediation sessions online, but since the start of pandemic, I have grown some interest in online mediation'. Interviewee I.3 emphasised the necessity to distinguish between the two existing definitions of online mediation adding: 'one definition refers to holding mediation through videoconferencing, and the other to online case management systems…in conducting mediations via videoconference, during the pandemic, we have carried out many mediations through Zoom…in relation to online case management, we have a decade of experience with managing the whole mediation process on an online platform with more than 30,000 archived cases'.
From a regulatory point of view, the participants reported that the general rules on physical mediation are also applicable to e-mediation, in Italy. Nevertheless, they stated that since May 2020 the government has issued specific rules concerning the authentication of party's signature by lawyers in digital documents. 118 The participants also indicated advantages offered by online mediation in terms of cost, time, convenience, and flexibility of the process. It was interestingly noted by one interviewee: 'in Italy, in conducting physical mediation, the standards for judicial competence must be met, but in online mediation you can always go beyond competence '. Regarding the disadvantages, the lack of direct non-verbal communication was mentioned as a fundamental flaw in e-mediation. Participant I.1 explained: 'human beings need some sort of direct communication…mediators especially need to get a better feeling from the parties in a physical meeting rather than just having a virtual interface'. Likewise, another MSP added: 'online mediation is the filter that computers create to communications among the par-ties…you can hide somehow your real intentions behind the computer…as a mediator you need to know that non-verbal communication [and the mood of the parties] is harder to be discovered in virtual spaces '. Belgium -The interviewed mediators indicated that they have used e-mediation within their practice. Participant B.1 explained: 'it depends on what you mean by online mediation. In our mediation service, the complaints are submitted either by an electronic form or e-mail. We do not use videoconference for holding online mediation sessions [with the only exception for telecom operators with whom we speak about some most complicated cases]'. Our findings, however, revealed that the application of online mediation in Belgium is not as common as its practice in France, and particularly in Italy. Given that, not every participant was interested in conducting e-mediation: '

I have limited experience with online mediation as I am not interested in it…during the CO-VID-19 pandemic we had to conduct many online mediation sessions…but it is only suitable for information sessions to explain the procedures and rules to the parties prior to in-person meetings…also, after in-person meetings, if the settlement is 95% reached and parties cannot [or do not want to be present in any other in-person meeting [and you can just use an online session for ensuring 100% of the agreement is reached].'
The participants reported that, in Belgium, there is no legislative difference between online mediation and traditional mediation. The participants referred to e-mediation as a flexible, convenient, and more practical dispute resolution mechanism. One interviewee stated: 'in online mediation, parties tend to listen more and the process is also faster'. In terms of disadvantages, the interviewees referred to the difficulties in understanding emotions and reading the body language of parties in e-mediation. Participant B.2 commented: 'people do not like to talk in front of the computer, especially when information is confidential…no one wants to record his own words…also, the mediator does not have enough time to calm down the parties [if any tension arises in the session] '. Another MSP also placed emphasis on the importance of body language: 'it is difficult to concentrate on the faces of the parties and have a panoramic vision from them…it is also difficult to create a good atmosphere through Internet…I am very sensitive about the body expression during the meeting which online mediation does not make it possible for me to grasp this feeling '. Revista Ítalo-Española de Derecho Procesal Theme 4: Challenges and future perspective France -The last main theme of this qualitative research focused on identifying the major obstacles the MSPs face in practicing mediation within their respective jurisdiction. The interviewees referred to the lack of collaboration among mediators and mediation associations, the poor quality of Internet connections (in e-mediation), and the role of lawyers in impeding the conducting of effective mediation. To promote the use of mediation and its efficiency, two participants emphasised the importance of raising lawyers' awareness of mediation and of providing sufficient training for mediators. Another interviewee refereed to improving the use of online mediation: 'there are some tools which could increase the use and effectiveness of online mediation. For instance, an index for analysing non-verbal communication; tools for importing the notes taken by the mediator in the final draft; also, the possibility for sharing documents where parties and mediator can work and share simultaneously.' With respect to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on practicing mediation, one participant explained: 'I do not believe that there has been a great impact. In France, maybe there is more delay in delivering justice by the court, but it really did not improve the number of mediations. However, it may have escalated the number of mediators who are now ready and willing to conduct online mediation [as before the Pandemic many mediators were not in favour of Online mediation, and they preferred physical mediation]. So, the COVID-19 has had a positive impact on the application of online mediation'. Another participant emphasised the impact of the pandemic on increasing the practice of e-mediation: 'everything has changed, and the parties and lawyers understand the importance of online mediation as a cheaper and less time-consuming method of dispute resolution '. During the pandemic, many MSPs shifted towards conducting online mediation. Therefore, we asked the interviewees for their opinion on the future perspective of e-mediation. The participants indicated that the COV-ID-19 pandemic has tremendously influenced social interactions, including in terms of dispute resolution. As commented by Interviewee F.1: 'people are now more receptive towards considering online mediation as a serious method for resolving disputes. ' Another participant pointed to the increased application of online mediation in future in a broader context: ' To promote the use and effectiveness of mediation, the participants suggested for the need to raise lawyers' awareness of mediation. Besides, it was stated that mediators must be trained sufficiently to improve their negotiation skills. One participant referred to the benefits of mandatory mediation and encouraged the extension of the scope of this legislation: 'the data suggests that most mediations still come from the first meeting mandate…so, I think that this mandate should be expanded to all other civil and commercial mediations '. The participants agreed that the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has had a great impact on the growth of Online mediation. Participant I.1 argued: 'since the beginning of pandemic, the growth of online mediation was evident… during the lock-down in Italy, all mediation service providers tried to develop or improve ODR systems for offering effective services to their clients…I believe that due to the COVID-19 impact, now online mediation is finally considered at the same level of physical mediation'. Participant I.2 agreed that the pandemic opened a window of opportunities for e-mediation; however, he emphasized: '…there is still a big gap in understanding people's interests and the real intention behind people's faces in online mediation…Maybe AI or new devices can come up and have the possibility of providing more real virtual meetings…I would be, however, very happy to come back to normal days and prefer to conduct physical mediation. ' Another expert explained that the number of economic cases were increased due to the pandemic: 'we solved many economic disputes due to the pandemic [for example, disputes arising out of late rental payments are coming to mediation] that are covered by mandatory mediation '. With respect to the future of online mediation, the participants indicated that this model of ODR will grow faster. As one MSP reflected: 'online mediation was sort of a promise especially in certain areas [such as consumer disputes due to the extremely large number of cases particularly at cross-border level] …so, online mediation is a possible way to solve these disputes…ODR should be the first line of dispute resolution in consumer-to-business disputes in Europe'. One of the participants emphasised the effective role of the EU ODR Platform in providing MSPs with the common standards for conducting Revista Ítalo-Española de Derecho Procesal cross-border mediation. The most significant indication was made of the Italian design of mediation as a role model for other jurisdictions: 'I think that Italy has discovered a great model compared with most EU countries…the data on the high number of conducted mediations in Italy proves that the Italian model of mediation has been efficient… for the future, there should be a rational approach from governments and ministries of justice to find a right legislative framework to introduce some form of mandatory mediation '. Belgium -As noted by the interviewed mediators, the major obstacles to implement an effective mediation in Belgium can be found in peoples' -including judges and mediators -attitude towards ADR. Participant B.1 noted: 'people in Belgium [compared to other EU Member States] are really convinced about the necessity for going to the judicial system'. Another MSP argued similarly that: 'in our experience, the most important barrier is convincing both parties to attempt mediation'. To increase the use and effectiveness of mediation, one participant proposed that the mindset of people must be changed through establishment of legislative measures: 'in 2018, the law increased the power of judges in asking the parties to try mediation…this reform has increased the number of mediation cases…but I am not convinced that I see any serious initiative from the public to use mediation'. A similar view on the necessity for establishing a mandatory legal framework for mediation was echoed by another participant: 'as a solution, to improve the effectiveness of mediation in Belgium, I suggest following the mediation models practiced in Italy and France '. The participants acknowledged that during the COVID-19 pandemic Online mediation was more in the spotlight. One MSP explained how the pandemic increased peoples' tendency towards attempting mediation: 'it was a great booster in civil and especially commercial law…for example, in written contracts between the business partners, when there is an issue due to , and the parties cannot find the answer in the terms and conditions of the contract, they have to negotiate [via mediation] the issue and the raised difficulties [in performing contract-related obligations] due to COVID-19…so, I believe it was a help for the parties to encourage them to mediate '. The interviewees indicated that the use of online mediation will increase in future. Nevertheless, they emphasised that human physical interactions remain a main pillar of every mediation. Interestingly, Participant B.2 referred to physical mediation as 'real mediation': 'online mediation is going to be more used, but I think real mediation is always preferred…to reach a solution for the parties, human contact is necessary'. Another MSP emphasised the importance of physical interactions in mediation: 'there are already many initiatives which offer the possibility to start and conduct mediation completely online… but, I think that physical mediation is more interesting method for people as they can meet in person and they are able to use the options to best express their emotions [that are possible in physical mediations]…I am very confident that in the next few years mediation will keep on being also physical'.

DISCUSSION
The findings of this empirical research provided rich data in answering the main research question of this study. Accordingly, the following conclusions can be drawn from the survey results and the expert interviews.
Mandatory mediation -In relation to whether mediation should be mandatory as part of a civil justice system, two main viewpoints were identified: 1) Mediation should always remain as a choice to the parties. Imposing mediation may result in an artificial process, lack of sufficient efforts from the parties, and the increased rate of the failure of mediation. Moreover, mediation is not suitable for every type of dispute; 2) Mediation must be mandatory as it helps the mediation culture to grow. Mandatory mediation also changes the social mindset towards positive aspects of mediation and reduces the judiciary case backlogs. This mandate can apply to specific types of dispute (e.g., in succession cases). The Italian model of mandatory mediation is a prominent example of widespread and effective practice of obligatory mediation.
Efficiency of mediation and causes of its failure -In general, mediation can help resolve civil and commercial disputes in an effective manner. There are, however, some elements that directly influence the effectiveness of mediation, including the nature of the dispute; the parties' attitude; the cultural context; the sensitivity of lawyers; the professionality of the mediator; and the status of disputes between the parties.
It was also understood that in evaluating the efficiency of mediation, there are various factors to consider including: -the extent to which the obtained result has responded to the parties' expectations of conducting mediation; -time is a significant element. Thus, the solution must be reached within a reasonable timeframe; -the costs of mediation for the parties must be reasonable compared to the costs of civil proceedings; -the mediation service must be visible to all people, particularly to the most vulnerable individuals in a society (e.g., consumers, elderly, etc.); and, -the number of cases resolved through mediation must be considered as an important element in measuring the effectiveness of a mediation service.
There are several barriers that cause the failure of a mediation process, including non-collaborative lawyers; the lack of adequate proficiency and experience for mediators; the nature of some disputes may not be suitable for mediation; the parties' attitudes towards mediation; and lack of good faith from the parties.
Online mediation -Online mediation has gained great momentum with the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Almost all mediators had to try e-mediation at some stage since early 2020 because of the imposed mobili-Revista Ítalo-Española de Derecho Procesal ty restrictions. There are no specific rules enacted by national legislators in any of the studied jurisdictions to regulate online mediation. Therefore, the rules on traditional mediation are also applicable to e-mediation. According to most interviewed experts, there is no substantial difference between online and physical mediation since only the mode of conduct differs. It could be, however, useful if legislators were to consider appropriate legal measures to provide specific instructions on digital signatures with respect to online mediation settlement agreements. There are major advantages to using online mediation such as convenience, flexibility, speediness, and cost-effectiveness. These characteristics can incentivise disputants to use this ODR mechanism. Given that, one should also take into account the disadvantages -e.g., the lack of non-verbal communication and body language, the difficulty in understanding the real emotions of parties -so as to enable choosing the most appropriate dispute resolution method.
Challenges and future perspective -Mediation service providers face different types of barriers within their practice. The main impediments include lawyers' little enthusiasm for mediation; a lack of adequate awareness about the effectiveness of mediation; financial difficulties faced by some mediators due to the lack of sufficient cases; and technological complexities in conducting online mediation.
To increase the use and promote the effectiveness of mediation, the experts have offered the following suggestions: -raising public awareness about the potential of mediation is resolving civil and commercial disputes in an expedited, convenient, and flexible manner; -providing sufficient training for lawyers and mediators, particularly to promote their negotiation skills and expertise; -using advanced ICT tools in carrying out online mediation; and -adopting new regulatory establishments on mandatory mediatione.g., by studying the best practices like the implemented mediation model in Italy -to ensure an effective implementation.
It was also understood that the COVID-19 pandemic situation had a great impact on the growth of online mediation practice in France, Italy and Belgium (and all over the world). Most significantly, many consumers faced cancelled and delayed judicial proceedings during the pandemic. As a viable solution, they chose online mediation to resolve their C2B disputes. In fact, the pandemic provided an opportunity for citizens, mediators, and judicial actors to understand the potential of online mediation in providing an alternative to resolve disputes in a more expedited, amicable, cost-effective, and convenient manner. As most interviewees reflected, in future we will indeed witness even more exponential growth in the use of ODR methods, particularly online mediation.
The most significant limitation of this research lies in the fact that the sample size of this empirical study was small. This was caused by the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic leading to a low response rate and survey fatigue. Therefore, we recognise that the findings of this study cannot be generalised. Nevertheless, this work offers valuable insights into the status of application of mediation and online mediation in civil and commercial disputes from the perspective of mediation service providers in particular.
Taken together, this study has thrown up many questions in need of further investigation. Most significantly, further research should be undertaken to explore the issues -e.g., enforceability of mediation settlement agreements and digitalisation, confidentiality, and trust, voluntary or mandatory participation, alternative to or integrated in the judiciary etc. -that may arise through the use of mediation and e-mediation, as well as the appropriate preventive measures to be taken.

Background and Introduction
What is your personal experience of civil and commercial mediation?

1) Is mediation regulated in your jurisdiction?
2) Do you have any mandatory mediation as part of your civil justice system?
3) What is your personal view on whether mediation should be used as mandatory in the civil justice system? 4) Do the courts in your jurisdiction recognize and enforce a mediation settlement? Is there any law and/or specific procedure in this respect?