Publicado 07-07-2023
Palabras clave
- giro lingüístico,
- política del lenguaje,
- Sociedad de Naciones,
- esperanto,
- reforma del alfabeto
Cómo citar
Derechos de autor 2023 Carolyn N. Biltoft
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Resumen
Este artículo ofrece una relectura de la relación de la Sociedad de Naciones con la información y la política del lenguaje resituando la organización en los contextos geopolíticos y filosóficos de largo plazo del llamado «giro lingüístico». Al mismo tiempo, el artículo argumenta que observando en detalle incluso las cuestiones de lenguaje más peculiares que se le plantearon a la Liga, podemos ver vínculos profundos y a menudo tecnológicamente impulsados entre las transformaciones en los dominios de la filosofía y la lingüística y las estrategias políticas nacientes en el escenario mundial. Ambos reflejaron un cambio conceptual hacia la idea de que las palabras constriñeron, moldearon, o incluso alteraron la «realidad».
Descargas
Citas
- Aarsleff, Hans: From Locke to Saussure. Essays on the Study of Language and Intellectual History, Minneapolis, University Of Minnesota Press, 1985.
- Amrith, Sunil, y Sluga, Glenda: «New Histories of the United Nations», Journal of World History, 19(3) (2008), pp. 251-274.
- Anderson, Benedict R.: Imagined Communities. Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, Londres, Verso, 1991.
- Austin, John L.; Urmson, J. O., y Sbisà, Marina: How to Do Things with Words. The William James Lectures Delivered at Harvard University in 1955, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 2011.
- Aytürk, ?lker: «Turkish Linguists against the West: The Origins of Linguistic Nationalism in Atatürk’s Turkey», Middle Eastern Studies, 40(6) (s. d.), pp. 1-25.
- Baker, Ray Stannard: Woodrow Wilson and World Settlement, 3 vols., Garden City, Doubleday, Page & Co, 1922.
- Bell, Lindsay, y McLaughlin, Mireille: «John E. Joseph: Language and Politics», Language Policy, 7(4) (2008), pp. 393-395.
- Bentley, Michael: «Victorian Politics and the Linguistic Turn», The Historical Journal, 42(3) (1999), pp. 883-902.
- Berger, Peter L., y Luckmann, Thomas: The Social Construction of Reality. A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge, Nueva York, Open Road Media, 2011.
- Berman, Marshall: All That Is Solid Melts into Air. The Experience of Modernity, Nueva York, Simon and Schuster, 1982.
- Biltoft, Carolyn N.: «Reversing the Curse of Babel? International Language Movements and Inter-War Chasms», en Patrick Manning (ed.): World History: Global and Local Interactions, Princeton, M. Wiener, 2005, pp. 179-194.
- Biltoft, Carolyn N.: «The Meek Shall Not Inherit the Earth: Nationalist Economies, Ethnic Minorities at the League of Nations», en Christoph Kreutzmüller, Michael Wildt y Moshe Zimmermann (eds.): National Economies. Volks-Wirtschaft, Racism and Economy in Europe Between the Wars (1918-1939/45), Newcastle upon Tyne, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015, pp. 138-154.
- Biltoft, Carolyn N.: «Sundry Worlds within the World: De-Centered Histories and Institutional Archives», Journal of World History, 31(4) (2020), pp. 729-760.
- Blackledge, Adrian: Discourse and Power in a Multilingual World, Ámsterdam, John Benjamins Pub, 2005.
- Bourdieu, Pierre, y Thompson, John B.: Language and Symbolic Power, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1991.
- Brendebach, Jonas; Herzer, Martin, y Tworek, Heidi (eds.): International Organizations and the Media in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Exorbitant Expectations, Nueva York, Routledge, 2018.
- British Information Services: Britain’s Mandate for Palestine, Nueva York, British Information Services, 1944.
- Burkman, Thomas W.: Japan and the League of Nations. Empire and World Order, 1914-1938, Honolulu, University of Hawaii Press, 2007.
- Callahan, Michael D.: Mandates and Empire. The League of Nations and Africa, 1914-1931, Brighton, Sussex Academic, 2008.
- Carr, Edward Hallett: The Twenty Years’ Crisis, 1919-1939. An Introduction to the Study of International Relations, Londres, Macmillan & Co., 1946.
- Chin, Wen-ssu: China and the League of Nations. The Sino-Japanese Controversy, Nueva York, St. John’s University Press, 1965.
- Chomsky, Noam, y Peregrín Otero, Carlos: Language and Politics, Montréal, Black Rose Books, 1988.
- Clark, Elizabeth A.: History, Theory, Text Historians and the Linguistic Turn, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2004.
- Coble, Parks M.: Facing Japan. Chinese Politics and Japanese Imperialism, 1931-1937, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1991.
- Cohn, Bernard S.: Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge. The British in India, Princeton, Princeton University Pres, 1996.
- Comor, Edward A.: The Global Political Economy of Communication. Hegemony, Telecommunication, and the Information Economy, Nueva York, St. Martin’s Press, 1994.
- Creel, George: «The Battle in the Air Lanes: A Heretofore Unwritten Chapter of American History», Popular Radio (1922).
- Crystal, David: English as a Global Language, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2003.
- Dauzat, Albert: Le Français Et L’anglais Langues Internationales, París, Librarie Larousse, 1915.
- Davison, Roderick H.: Nineteenth Century Ottoman Diplomacy and Reforms, Istanbul, Isis Press, 1999.
- Dominian, Leon: The Frontiers of Language and Nationality in Europe, Nueva York, H. Holt and Company, 1917.
- Dizard, Wilson P.: Inventing Public Diplomacy. The Story of the U.S. Information Agency, Boulder, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2004.
- Elkins, Caroline, y Pedersen, Susan (eds.): Settler Colonialism in the Twentieth Century. Projects, Practices, Legacies, Nueva York, Routledge, 2005.
- Esperanto as an International Auxiliary Language: Report of the General Secretariat to the Third Assembly, League of Nations Publication, París, Presses Universitaires de France, 1922.
- Flandreau, Marc, y Flores, Juan H.: «Bonds and Brands: Foundations of Sovereign Debt Markets, 1820-1830», The Journal of Economic History, 69(3) (2009), pp. 646-684.
- Forster, Peter G.: The Esperanto Movement, The Hague, Mouton, 1982.
- Garvía, Roberto: Esperanto and Its Rivals. The Struggle for an International Language, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.
- Gavish, Dov: A Survey of Palestine Under the British Mandate, 1920-1948, Londres, Routledge, 2005.
- Geyer, Michael, y Bright, Charles: «Global Violence and Nationalizing Wars in Eurasia and America: The Geopolitics of War in the Mid-Nineteeth Century», Comparative Studies in Society and History, 38(4) (1996), pp. 619-657.
- Giddens, Anthony: Runaway World. How Globalization Is Reshaping Our Lives, Nueva York, Routledge, 2000.
- Gökalp, Ziya: Turkish Nationalism and Western Civilization. Selected Essays, Londres, Allen and Unwin, 1959.
- Gordin, Michael D.: Scientific Babel: How Science Was Done before and after Global English, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 2015.
- Gottlieb, Nanette: Language and the Modern State. The Reform of Written Japanese, Londres, Routledge, 1991.
- Great Britain and League of Nations: Report by His Majesty’s Government in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the Council of the League of Nations on the Administration of Palestine and Trans-Jordan Reformatted from the Original and Including, Government of Palestine Report: Report on Palestine Administration, Londres, HMSO, 1922.
- Greenhalgh, Paul: Ephemeral Vistas. The «expositions Universelles», Great Exhibitions and World’s Fairs, 1851-1939, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2000.
- Guérard, Albert Léon: A Short History of the International Language Movement, Londres, T. F. Unwin, 1922.
- Habermas, Jürgen: The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, Cambridge, Polity, 2014.
- Haridakis, Paul M.; Hugenberg, Barbara S., y Wearden, Stanley T. (eds.): War and the Media. Essays on News Reporting, Propaganda and Popular Culture, Jefferson, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 2009.
- Harper, Tim: «Empire, Diaspora and the Languages of Globalism, 1850-1914», en Antony G. Hopkins (ed.): Globalization and World History, Londres, Norton, 2002, pp. 141-166.
- Headrick, Daniel R.: The Invisible Weapon: Telecommunications and International Politics, 1851-1945, Nueva York, Oxford University Press, 1991.
- Heyd, Uriel: Language Reform in Modern Turkey, Jerusalén, Israel Oriental Society, 1954.
- Hitler, Adolph: Mein Kampf, Cambridge, Riverside, 1943.
- Hobsbawm, Eric J.: Nations and Nationalism Since 1780. Program, Myth, Reality, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992.
- Hobsbawm, Eric J., y Ranger, Terence O.: The Invention of Tradition, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1983.
- Hoffenberg, Peter H.: An Empire on Display: English, Indian, and Australian Exhibitions from the Crystal Palace to the Great War, Berkeley, University of California Press, 2001.
- International Institute of Intellectual Co-Operationand League of Nations: L’adoption Universelle Des Caractères Latins, París, Société des Nations, Institut International de Coopération Intellectuelle, 1934.
- Iriye, Akira: Global Community. The Role of International Organizations in the Making of the Contemporary World, ACLS Humanities E-Book, Berkeley, University of California Press, 2002.
- Jackson, Simon, y O’Malley, Alanna: The Institution of International Order. From the League of Nations to the United Nations, Abingdon, Routledge, 2018.
- James, Harold: The Deutsche Bank and the Nazi Economic War Against the Jews. The Expropriation of Jewish-Owned Property, Oxford, Cambridge University Press, 2001.
- James, Harold: The Nazi Dictatorship and the Deutsche Bank, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2004.
- Jameson, Fredric: The Prison-House of Language. A Critical Account of Structuralism and Russian Formalism, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2015.
- Joseph, John Earl; Taylor , Talbot J., y Love, Nigel: Landmarks in Linguistic Thought II. The Western Tradition in the Twentieth Century, Londres, Routledge, 2001.
- Kern, Stephen: The Culture of Time and Space, 1880-1918, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2003.
- Kia, Mehrdad: The Ottoman Empire, Westport, Greenwood Press, 2008.
- Kleinberg, Ethan: Haunting History. For a Deconstructive Approach to the Past, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 2017.
- Kolasa, Jan: A League of Minds. The International Intellectual Cooperation Organization of the League of Nations, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1960.
- Krajewski, Markus: Server. A Media History from the Present to the Baroque, New Haven, Yale University Press, 2018.
- Laqua, Daniel: Internationalism Reconfigured. Transnational Ideas and Movements between the World Wars, Londres, IB Tauris, 2011.
- Laqua, Daniel: «Transnational Intellectual Cooperation, the League of Nations, and the Problem of Order», Journal of Global History, 6(2) (2011), pp. 223-247.
- Laqua, Daniel, y Bouyssou, Rachel: «Internationalisme ou Affirmation de La Nation? La Coopération Intellectuelle Transnationale Dans L’entre-Deux-Guerres», Critique Internationale, 52 (2011), pp. 51-67.
- Lasswell, Harold D.: Propaganda Technique in the World War, Mansfield Centre, Martino Publishing, 2013.
- League of Nations: How to Make the League of Nations Known and to Develop the Spirit of International Co-Operation. Recommendations by the Sub-Committee of Experts, International Committee on Intellectual Co-Operation, League of Nations, Ginebra, League of Nations, 1927.
- League of Nations: The Aims and Organisation of the League of Nations, Ginebra, League of Nations, 1930.
- Lewis, Geoffrey: The Turkish Language Reform. A Catastrophic Success, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999.
- Lins, Ulrich: The Contribution of the Universal Esperanto Association to World Peace, Rotterdam, Universal Esperanto Association, 1986.
- Mackenzie, John M.: Imperialism and Popular Culture, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1986.
- Mackinder, Halford John: «The Geographical Pivot of History (1904)», The Geographical Journal, 170(4) (2004), pp. 298-321.
- Macmillan, Margaret: Paris 1919. Six months that changed the world, Nueva York, Random House, 2001.
- Masi, Alessandro: L’italiano Delle Parole. Appunti Per Una Politica Lingüística, Albano Laziale, Anemone purpurea, 2006.
- Mathiot, Madeleine (ed.): Ethnolinguistics: Boas, Sapir and Whorf Revisited, La Haya, Mouton, 1979.
- Mazower, Mark: Hitler’s Empire: How the Nazis Ruled Europe, Nueva York, Penguin Press, 2009.
- Miller, David Hunter: My Diary at the Conference of Paris, with Documents, Nueva York, Appeal Printing Company, 1924.
- Mitchell, Timothy: Colonising Egypt, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1988.
- Müller, Simone M.: Wiring the World. The Social and Cultural Creation of Global Telegraph Networks, Nueva York, Columbia University Press, 2016.
- Müller, Simone, y Tworek, Heidi: «The Telegraph and the Bank: On the Interdependence of Global Communications and Capitalism, 1866-1914», Journal of Global History, 10(2) (2015), pp. 259-283.
- Nelson, Harold I.: Land and Power: British and Allied Policy on Germany’s Frontiers, 1916-1619, Londres, Routledge, 1963.
- Nicolson, Harold: Peacemaking, 1919. Being Reminiscences of the Paris Peace Conference, Nueva York, Houghton Mifflin, 1933.
- Nish, Ian: Japan’s Struggle with Internationalism. Japan, China, and the League of Nations, 1931-1933, Londres, K. Paul International, 1992.
- Nitobe, Inaz?: The Works of Inaz? Nitobe, vol. VIII, Tokyo, University of Tokyo Press, 1979.
- Nordenstreng, Kara, y Seppa, Tara: «The League of Nations and the Mass Media: The Rediscovery of a Forgotten Story», en XV Conference of the International Association for Mass Communication Research, Nueva Delhi, 1986.
- Okrent, Arika: Esperanto, Interlinguistics, and Planned Language, Lanham, University Press of America, 1997.
- Okrent, Arika: In the Land of Invented Languages. Esperanto Rock Stars, Klingon Poets, Loglan Lovers, and the Mad Dreamers Who Tried to Build a Perfect Language, Nueva York, Spiegel & Grau, 2009.
- Pedersen, Susan: «The Meaning of the Mandates System: An Argument», Geschichte Und Gesellschaft, 32(4) (2006), pp. 560-582.
- Pedersen, Susan: «Back to the League of Nations», The American Historical Review, 112(4) (2007), pp. 1091-1117.
- Pedersen, Susan: The Guardians: The League of Nations and the Crisis of Empire, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2015.
- Pemberton, Jo-Anne: «New Worlds for Old: The League of Nations in the Age of Electricity», Review of International Studies Review of International Studies, 28(2) (2002), pp. 311-336.
- Poulton, Hugh: Top Hat, Grey Wolf, and Crescent. Turkish Nationalism and the Turkish Republic, Nueva York, New York University Press, 1997.
- Prakash, Gyan: Another Reason. Science and the Imagination of Modern India, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1999.
- Rancière, Jacques; Melehy, Hassan, y White, Hayden: The Names of History: On the Poetics of Knowledge, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1994.
- Robinson, Jacob: Were the Minorities Treaties a Failure?, Nueva York, Institute of Jewish Affairs of the American Jewish Congress and the World Jewish Congress, 1943.
- Rorty, Richard: The Linguistic Turn; Recent Essays in Philosophical Method, Chicago, Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1967.
- Said, Edward W.: Culture and Imperialism, Londres, Chatto and Windus, 1993.
- Scott, James C.: Seeing Like a State. How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1998.
- Sapir, Edward: Selected Writings in Language, Culture and Personality, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1949.
- Schipper, Frank; Lagendijk, Vincent, y Anastasiadou, Irene: «New Connections for an Old Continent: Rail, Road and Electricity in the League of Nations Organization for Communication and Transit», en Alexander Badenoch y Andreas Fickers (eds.): Materializing Europe. Transnational Infrastructures and the Project of Europe, Londres, Palgrave, 2010, pp. 133-143.
- Schor, Esther H.: Bridge of Words: Esperanto and the Dream of a Universal Language, Nueva York, Metropolitan Books, 2016.
- Searle, John R.: Mind, Language and Society, Londres, Phoenix, 2000.
- Shenton, Herbert N.; Sapir, Edward, y Jespersen, Otto: International Communication. A Symposium on the Language Problem, Londres, K. Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1931.
- Silberstein-Loeb, Jonathan: The International Distribution of News: The Associated Press, Press Association, and Reuters, 1848-1947, Nueva York, Cambridge University Press, 2014.
- Silverman, Dan P.: Hitler’s Economy. Nazi Work Creation Programs, 1933-1936, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1998.
- Sluga, Glenda: Internationalism in the Age of Nationalism, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.
- Stavans, Ilan: Resurrecting Hebrew, Nueva York, Nextbook, 2008.
- Steiner, George: After Babel. Aspects of Language and Translation, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006.
- The Sociolinguistics of Lingua Franca Communication: Standardization and Self-Regulation, International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 177, Berlín, Mouton de Gruyter, 2006.
- Tooze, Adam: The Wages of Destruction. The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy, Londres, Allen Lane, 2006.
- Tworek, Heidi: «Peace through Truth? The Press and Moral Disarmament through the League of Nations», Medien & Zeit, 25(4) (2010), pp. 16-28.
- Viktorin, Carolin, et al.: Nation Branding in Modern History, Nueva York, Berghahn Books, 2018.
- Vismann, Cornelia: Files. Law and Media Technology, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 2008.
- Wheatley, Natasha: «Mandatory Interpretation: Legal Hermeneutics and the New International Order in Arab and Jewish Petitions to the League of Nations», Past & Present, 227(1) (2015), pp. 205-248.
- Winkler, Jonathan Reed: Nexus. Strategic Communications and American Security in World War I, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2008.
- Winseck, Dwayne Roy, y Pike, Robert M.: Communication and Empire. Media, Markets, and Globalization, 1860-1930, Durham, Duke University Press, 2007.
- Whorf, Benjamin Lee: Language, Thought, and Reality. Selected Writings, Cambridge, Technology Press of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1956.